Which term refers to the science of naming, defining, and classifying biological organisms based on shared characteristics?

The term that refers to the science of naming, defining, and classifying biological organisms based on shared characteristics is taxonomy. Taxonomy encompasses the hierarchical organization of living organisms, allowing scientists to group them into categories such as kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This classification is based on shared traits and evolutionary relationships, facilitating communication and understanding among biologists.

Homology pertains to the presence of traits in different species that stem from a common ancestor, and while it is important in taxonomy, it does not define the overarching field itself. Molecular phylogenetics refers to the analysis of genetic information to construct evolutionary relationships, which complements taxonomy but is a more specific tool rather than the broader field. Synamorphy is a specific type of shared derived trait that is used in phylogenetic classification, but it is just one element within the broader framework of taxonomy.