What technique is used to measure genetic variation by separating proteins on a gel?

Gel electrophoresis is the technique used to measure genetic variation by separating proteins based on their size and charge. During this process, a sample containing proteins is loaded into a gel matrix, typically made from agarose or polyacrylamide. When an electric current is applied, the proteins migrate through the gel at different rates: smaller proteins move faster and travel farther, while larger proteins move more slowly. This separation allows researchers to analyze differences in protein profiles, which can be indicative of genetic variation.

The significance of gel electrophoresis in studying genetic variation lies in its ability to reveal variations in protein expression, which can be influenced by genetic differences. By comparing the banding patterns of proteins from different individuals or populations, scientists can assess genetic diversity and investigate relationships among species.